Shift of Educational Focus from Content to Learning Outcomes -- Determining the Progress Towards the Attainment of Learning Outcomes -- Program Outcomes and Student Learning Outcomes -- Assessing Student Learning Outcomes -- Distinguishing and Constructing Various Paper-and-Pencil-Tests -- Item Analysis and Validation -- Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion/Variability -- Grading Systems and the Grading System of the Department of Education